Suburb and United States Essay Example for Free

Suburb and United States Essay The Suburbanization of North America although not commonly realized, is indeed one of the most striking features of the 20th century. For North Americans this process has changed where we live and how we live. No longer is the city and countryside completely separate, rather for many of us, these two ideas have formed together into a new urban environment. More people today live in suburbs than cities, and these entities have continued to meld, amalgamate, separate, conjoin and coexist. Consequently, a study of Suburbia and its origins is often subjective. A common definition of a suburb is â€Å"a community within a commuting distance of a central city. † However, this statement doesn’t always hold true as someone who lives in Hamilton or Guelph and commutes to Toronto every day for work probably do not consider themselves residents of Toronto. Massive areas of continuous urban development like Megalopolis in the American north east and southern California are the result of the massive move towards suburbs. The question still remains as to whether suburbs will continue to work for us. The relative prosperity of North America and cheap oil of the 20th century are what allowed suburbia to happen. As for the question of whether Suburbia will continue to remain as the dominant form of living on this continent, only time shall tell. More importantly, it is important to understand the origins and magnitude of Suburbia up to this point in time if one is truly to be prepared for the possible challenges of the future. Although the automobile suburb did not come about to until the 1920s in North America it is important to understand the pre-existing conditions, history and factors that lead to the first ‘modern’ suburbs. Both the United States and Canada were founded as rural colonial hinterlands. Despite the importance of the early towns and cities, at the time of the American Revolution, only one in twenty citizens lived in an urban setting. Alas, the United States was a rural nation of farms, plantations and men living on the frontier. It was in this rural setting that the American mindset was born. Frederick Jackson Turner’s 1893 â€Å"Frontier Thesis† claims that the innovative and individualistic mindset of the archetypical American is a result of the nation’s experience on the western frontier. Consequently, one can see the appeal of the individualistic and country living experience that suburbs would later offer. Despite this rural ideal, the 19th century and industrial revolution witnessed a massive movement towards the industrial city. Much like the future development of suburbia, early industrial expansion was unplanned and chaotic. By 1890 there was 160,000 miles of railroad tracks in the United States and cities like Chicago and New York’s population were exploding as a result of natural increase and millions of immigrants arriving from Europe. These American industrial cities became overcrowded, dirty and miserable for most of the working class. The industrial American city began to resemble its English counterparts from across the Atlantic. Indeed the description of ‘Coketown’ from Charles Dickens’ Hard Times had become migrated across the ocean onto North American shores. The dissatisfaction that came from living in Industrial cities manifested itself in several ways. Firstly, it should be noted that most of these cities were walking cities and main means of transportation was walking from place to place for the poor. Consequently, everything from industry to residences was relatively close to each other and the central business district or CBD. The City Beautiful movement, Sir Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City movement and the creation of Central Park in New York are all examples of yearning for green space and connectedness with nature. These projects and ideas were not only concerned about aesthetics, but rather, they were concerned with promoting social order, civic virtue and increasing the quality of life. So it was that the country and nature would penetrate into the borders of urbanism during the mid to late 19th century. However, as certain technologies became available it would be the country that would begin to be breached by Urbanism. In actuality, the first suburbs were established well before the mass or rapid transit of the late 19th century. Wealthy merchants of the 18th century established the first suburbs in London when they built their second homes within a carriage ride from the city. â€Å"Soon many of these merchants were living permanently outside the cities where their businesses were located. They were creating the first true dormitory suburbs†¦small communities in a near-rural setting. † Horse car suburbs no further than a 30 to 40 minute carriage ride from city were available to the wealthier of citizens whom could afford the 15 to 25 cent round trip fares. Frank Sprague’s perfection of the electric street car in 1888 facilitated a massive suburban explosion of â€Å"streetcar† suburbs. Although considerably more compact in land usage as later suburbs will be seen to use, â€Å"street car† suburbs would lead the charge in centrifugal movement of cities. Established closely to rail lines these residences would provide detached housing that would be impossible for the middle class within the city. Unlike our modern suburbs of today, these developments had little in the way of services. Consequently, people went home to sleep and be with family, as the residents of these new ‘street car’ suburbs’ affairs were all but entirely within the city. There were positive and negative consequences to the massive suburban growth created by the street car. Firstly, the electric street car allowed for someone to live up to ten miles away from the city core and still get to their place of business within 30 minutes. Furthermore, factories like the steel plants in Gary Indiana could now be established outside the city core on ripe land or ‘greenfield sites. This suburbanization of industry â€Å"encompassed a progressively broader cross section of groups, with the result that there began to emerge a differentiation of suburban neighborhoods according to occupation and income. † The massive exodus of middle class citizens from the downtown area changed the way its space was utilized, focusing on non-residential uses of land. Some 80,000 new residenc es were built in Chicago from 1890 to 1920, this massive centrifugal movement of people created opportunities for commercial development along rail junctions. This ultimately had the effect of ending the simple city structure with a single focal point. Before the advent of the automobile era, these street car suburbs of the late 19th and early 20th century had a massive effect on shape and character of a city as the rail lines became the arteries for all commercial, residential and industrial development. The period of suburban infill starting in the 1920s was a result of the success of the internal combustion engine and the industrial processes pioneered by Henry Ford. The aforementioned desire to live the country life and escape the wretches of urbanism did continue into this new period. In fact, the versatility of the car or bus over rail would increase the numbers of people who would and could make a life in suburbia as opposed to the city. Two important components were necessary for the new automobile suburb. The first necessary component was the infrastructure, and chiefly among it, roads. The 1916 Federal Aid Roads Act had the design of making States build and maintain interurban highways, and the subsequent 1921 act helped to provide funds for integrating a long-distance network. Secondly, people needed affordable personal vehicles. Henry Ford’s assembly line production methods had the benefit of greatly improved productivity. Utilizing these methods and economies of scale, Ford was able to lower the price on the model T from 22 months’ average pay in 1909 to only 3 months’ pay by 1925. This had the effect of putting 27 million cars on the road by the end of the 1920s in the United States. The rise in investment for automobiles and roads was tremendous during the 1920s and 1930s, but also remarkable was the lack in investment in mass and rapid transit.

Making a Leader :: Leadership Papers

Missing Formatting Leadership According to Nathan F. Iannone, leadership can be defined as the art of influencing, directing, guiding, and controlling others in such a way as to obtain their willing obedience, confidence, respect and loyal cooperation in accomplishment of an objective. Leaders are not born†¦sure there are some gifts-traits-attributes, natural endowments that affect relative abilities†¦but they are not born, they are made. Any reasonably intelligent person with enough forcefulness to develop his/her ability to inspire others to follow him can earn leadership status. Remember that we have both formal and informal leaders†¦. Being a Captain /Sergeant doesn't make you a leader! Classic Leadership Theory: Common Traits of Leaders. Booher and Watson refer to classic leadership theory because it describes an approach to understanding leadership that by and large is out of style. Nonetheless it is clear that one can learn a great deal by studying the important personal ingredients in the l eadership equation. Studying the traits of great leaders became unpopular because it was and is associated with the "great man" theory of leadership. This approach was espoused in the 19th. and early 20th. Centuries, and asserted the leadership qualities are largely inherited. This was called "trait theory." Researchers such as Mann and Stodgill found no consistent correlate between particular traits and leadership. Later research, particularly more recent and more sophisticated work has found a consistent and strong relationship between certain traits and leadership. Possessing these core traits simply makes it more likely that a person will take the appropriate action leading to leadership success. Overhead #2 The Art of Leadership. What is the nature of leadership, leadership is an art! As with any form of artistic expression, painting, music, leadership is an art form in that it: ï‚ · Is an expression of the individual within the social and environmental context. ï‚ · Refl ects the individual's personality. ï‚ · Can be easier to demonstrate and develop when one has a talent for it. ï‚ · Can be learned-you may have a talent for it, you may not, either way, anyone can still become an effective leader. ï‚ · Is greatly enhanced through a disciplined regimen of learning and feedback. Through science, we can study the elements of leadership and provide valuable understanding into its nature. This enables us to determine where to focus our leadership skills and abilities, as well as measure to some extent, our effectiveness. However, the act of leading itself is largely unscientific and is far more akin to practicing an art form than studying scientific variables.

Closing a person centred counselling session Essay

Explain the importance of closing a session Each counselling session is likely to be emotive which will leave the client vulnerable to the outside world of the counselling room. Since some difficult topics are likely to be discussed and the client is likely to express a variety of emotions, it can be hard to bring a session to an end. Sometimes it can feel that the timing of the endings is insensitive to the clients needs. It is extremely important to summarise accurately and sensitively to confirm to the client that they have been heard. It demonstrates empathy and understanding and it allows for clarification where necessary. Even when a client is aware of the time boundary, they can be so absorbed in talking about something deeply emotional. It is important to re- assure the client that they are welcome to discuss this in more depth at the next meeting. Closing the session gives the client opportunity to confirm practical details for further sessions, such as dates, times, number of further sessions needed. This will define boundaries and make the client feel safe and establish trust that the counselor has a commitment to helping the client resolve their Explain the possible impact of diversity on the use of counselling skills in a session. Prejudice is, for good or ill, a part of our nature. It is instilled in us from birth onwards. All we can hope to do is to combat it, and the first tool in our armoury must be that of awareness. Without this, it is very difficult, perhaps impossible, for the counsellor to explore how it might be influencing the counselling relationship. Difference, prejudice and discrimination are issues that all counsellors need to address as part of their personal and professional development. Counsellor need support and training on these complex issues as this will help the counselor understand the experience of discrimination, as well as explore their own – often unconscious – attitudes to others, based on gender, sexuality, race, culture or mental health, social class, biological sex, gender-role identity, marital status and values and religion.

America s War On Drugs - 2355 Words

One of the primary focuses of America s War on Drugs is the controversial drug Marijuana. Marijuana remains the most widely used illegal drug and stirs up constant debate everywhere. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime from the World Drug Report 2004 an estimation of about 4 percent of the world’s adult population (162 million) consume marijuana annually (156). For thousands of years human beings have attempted to find ways to get passed the struggles of everyday life. With the pain of the world stopping people from enjoying simple pleasures, sometimes there is a need for help. Marijuana brings millions of people relief from pain flet on a day-to-day basis. This completely natural plant which previously helped so many people has puzzled the leaders of our nation for a long time. The effects of the drug on a individual level is what s prevented the product from being legalized. Many issues involving this plant, like the speculation of it being a gateway dr ug, has put yet another block on its legalization. Even with the drugs known speculations, the benefit that it brings to the table most definitely out way its disadvantages. Marijuana can also alleviate several symptoms associated with cancer and Aids treatments and disorders. While Marijuana is effective as a medicine, it is also extremely lucrative. The economic benefits that Marijuana brings to the table are endless. Non legalization is a waste of societies hard earned money to continue to enforceShow MoreRelatedAmerica s War On Drugs1306 Words   |  6 Pagesas eugenics. One of the primary focuses of America s War on Drugs has always been the controversial drug Marijuana. In the early twentieth century, Henry Anslinger became the first commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics where he remained between 1930-62. Anslinger’s campaign was driven primarily by racism. He convinced the public to believe Blacks were negative influences in society and negatively associated African Americans with the drug. Anslinger made heavily racist remarks such asRead MoreAmerica s War On Drugs Essay1299 Words   |  6 Pagesserved time in prison for his connection in the Watergate scandal, the Drug War was â€Å"intended to disempower the anti-war and black rights movements in the 1970s.† It’s no secret that drug use in the United States has been a problem. Many Americans have struggled with addiction to some of the worse drugs. Many lives have been affected in some of the most terrible ways. It can be easily said that due to America’ s history with drugs that former president Richard Nixon noticed the problem and felt thereRead MoreAmerica s War On Drugs2030 Words   |  9 PagesThe â€Å"War on Drugs† has been a hot topic for several decades in the United States. The argument for the success of this campaign usually varies depending on one’s political affiliation. The government handled the ongoing campaign differently with each new administration taking command, most of them having no little success. The fact of the matter is that the ideal of a â€Å"drug free civilization† is far from reality. The world is coming to terms that the various drug-fighting programs across the worldRead MoreAmerica s War On Drugs2885 Words   |  12 PagesRunning head: AMERICA’S WAR ON DRUGS 1 America’s War on Drugs: A Battle against Drugs or a display of Racial Intolerance? Sharon Curry-Robinson, Duval County Court Bailiff Florida Gulf Coast University â€Æ' America’s War on Drugs 3 Abstract It was surprising to learn that, while the United States makes up just five percent of the world population, over twenty-five percent of the world’s detainees are from the United States. Yes, at a projected figure of moreRead MoreAmerica s War On Drugs3748 Words   |  15 PagesThe term â€Å"War on drugs† was first announced when President Richard Nixon created a volume of programs intended to suppress the consumption of certain recreational drugs in 1972. It marked the beginning for the era of mandatory minimum sentencing, privatized prisons, racism, and constituency that profits as a result of the illegal drugs. The â€Å"Just Say No† and the D.A.R.E. campaign were created to help youths from starting to use drugs but they were not effective. Treatment programs have directed theirRead MoreThe War On Drugs And America s Drug Problem1878 Words   |  8 PagesSpitz D Block 5/19/2016 The War on Drugs Based on the success and failures of the drug policies of the past, what is the best strategy for the United States to implement to help America’s drug problem? Throughout time, United States drug policy has shifted dramatically. From all drugs being legal to Prohibition and the War on Drugs, the US has had conflicting ideas about what is best for society and American citizens when it comes to drugs. The current War on Drugs has resulted in countless arrestsRead MoreAmerica s War On Drugs1539 Words   |  7 Pages On June 17th, 1971, President Richard Nixon declared drug abuse to be â€Å"America’s Public Enemy #1† in a press conference in which he called for an â€Å"all out offensive† against this enemy, an initiative that would later be known as America’s War on Drugs. By giving this speech, thus starting â€Å"The War on Drugs,† President Nixon created what would eventually become one of the most catastrophic failures in United States political history. Analysis of the historical events surrounding Nixon’s declarationRead MoreAmerica s War On Drugs1754 Words   |  8 Pagesplan was afoot for them: the war on drugs. The war on drugs is unequivocally the biggest and most durable war this country has ever fought against its own citizens. Like any other wars the United-States has engaged in, the war on drugs is remarkably different; it was fought internally, and intended to target a specific group, people of color. Their communities, houses and churches were flooded with law enforcements, constantly checking for illegal possession of drugs. They were branded criminalsRead More Bad Neighbor Policy: Washington?s futile war on drugs in Latin America?3153 Words   |  13 PagesBook review: â€Å"Bad Neighbor Policy: Washington’s futile war on drugs in Latin America† Edited by Ted Galen Carpenter Overview Introductionnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;3 Read MoreThe Impacts of the War on Drugs1075 Words   |  4 Pages The War On Drugs has lasted many years, including before it was officially called â€Å"War On Drugs.† The prohibition of drugs first got its start in the late 1800’s with anti-opium laws, focusing on chinese immigrants. This was common with the first anti-drug laws. It entirely about scientific based facts on what the effects or risks of the drugs, rather who was associated with the use of the specific drugs. For example, the anti-cocaine laws in the early 1900’s were directed at black men, and the

Plagiarism And Its Impact On Ethics - 939 Words

Plagiarism â€Å"Plagiarism is defined as the borrowing of ideas, opinions, examples, key words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, or even structure from another person s work, including work written or produced by others without proper acknowledgment.† - The definiton of plagiarism is taken from the mentioned link :https://www.ucmo.edu/student/documents/honest.pdf Is it ubiquitous in education sector ? Well ,Yes ! The internet is taken by storm on the number of research papers, articles and blogs on the cited topic : Academic Plagiarism is achieved by falsify/ fabricate/rob the information in scholarly education to clinch success has an humongous impact on ethics, originality and honesty of the individual .To eulogize ones’ work (papers/ research/articles) plagiarist have taken any medium to amplify triumph . Forms of Academic Plagiarism : The following are different forms in which academic plagiarism are performed. a. Rephrase : The plagiarist predominantly thinks the act of escaping infringement is simply rephrasing the words and altering the sentence of the original works in the assignments / papers. b. Without Acknowledging the source: The trend to imposter maverick’s work as your own in research / theses without citing the source is another form where the fraudster ethics attributes the lame success of cheating. c. Lifting Information : The unexceptional way of copying the data with cut and copy from the source to either avoid the last minute rush to complete theShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Reasons For Plagiarism1459 Words   |  6 PagesPlagiarism is the process of taking some one else work or ideas and showing it as their own works (Oxford Dictionaries). The purpose of this study is to understand 6 different ethical reasons used by student to overcome with plagiarism and with help of these ethical reason, faculties can bring a solution to stop or prevent plagiarism. Where as unethical behavior can also lead to worries in school or colleges, so there is need to correct it so that it has positive impact on organizational ethics.Read MoreThe Importance of Ethics Academically and Professionally Essay1261 Words   |  6 Pagesparticular assignment was turned in, they was guilty of plagiarism. Consequently they received a zero on the assignment which resulted in them ultimately failing the cla ss. This incident affected them so badly that they immediately transferred schools. Personally knowing the classmate, when asked why they did it, they responded because they honestly thought they would not get caught. Although all of my professors would stress to everyone about plagiarism, I never understood how exactly they would know theRead MoreReport On Ethical Decision Making1055 Words   |  5 Pagesreport focuses on ethical decisions and how important they are, or aren’t, to commerce students. The report features information from scholarly articles and books relating to business ethics. Mainly, what ethics are, what factors impact ethical decisions, and how universities have taken steps to improve students ethics and behaviour, if that`s truly plausible. What is ethical decision making? Ethical decision-making is the means of assessing the available choices you have and selecting from themRead MoreEthics, Intellectual Property, And Piracy1379 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal and business ethics in an ever-expanding technological world are challenged in many different ways. Multiple communication methods and the availability of the Internet have made a large world much smaller in the context of information sharing, so the importance of understanding and utilizing measures to protect intellectual property and copyrights is vital to business success, ethical understanding and acceptance. In the following, I will specifically discuss the concepts of copyright, intellectualRead MoreAction Plan and Annotated Bibliography on Maintaining Academic Honesty1390 Words   |  6 PagesAnother form of academic dishonesty is plagiarism and presentation of falsified information. These examples are not exhaustive but present main issues that I need to tackle (C; Triggle D; Triggle, 2 007). However, the academic institutions have systems and programs in place to deal with academic dishonesty and any individual effort will only fit within this wider context. The first step is to familiarize myself with the topic of academic dishonesty and plagiarism, of which writing this essay is anRead MoreThe Effects Of Plagiarism1143 Words   |  5 PagesPlagiarism hinders intellectual advancement. The problems of plagiarism have been discussed for hundreds of years. With technologies, plagiarism becomes a fairly common practice in recent years. Plagiarism is actually recognized as a dishonest act from the 18th century when the original literature takes on more value within society. Readers want to read new creations of ideas and words from writers instead of seeing them polish the writings that have already been emitted. Writers are able at thisRead MoreJust Following Orders Essay1390 Words   |  6 Pagesof team that had to power to make absolute discussions. Discussion Question 2: Great Practices or Greed? Explain how ethics in business and the law are related. How are they different? What is the impact of ethical behavior on the development of social responsibility for businesses? I believe that very few times ethics in business and law are associated, ethics in business are unwritten rules for behavior on business practices and laws are written rules set by government to protect peopleRead MorePlagiarism And The Reasons College Students1618 Words   |  7 Pagesthat the substance, the bulk, the actual and valuable material of all human utterances— is plagiarism. Plagiarism damages reputations, both personal and universal; it promotes mediocrity, extinguishes creativity, limits educational experiences and exsanguinates learning. Metaphorically speaking, if a deadly virus is left untreated, an epidemic will begin and eventually will deplete a population. Plagiarism acts as a fastidious, pathogenic, virus infecting others with a mentality of mediocrity andRead MoreAcademic Ethics And Academic Integrity Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesAcademic ethics are the moral codes or the shared standards of an academic enterprise and the core of its success (Occiden tal College, 2016). Basically, academic ethics require each student, to be honest, responsible, fair, respectful, give credit where it is due, turn in their original work, and etc. (Michigan State University, n.d.). Academic integrity requires students to do their own work without unauthorized help from others, cheating, lying, plagiarizing, and stealing (Valdosta State UniversityRead MoreBYOD Meets Big Data1210 Words   |  5 Pagesemployees. Dooly, M., Antoniadou, V. (2017). Educational ethnography in blended learning environments. Qualitative approaches to research on plurilingual education, 351-362. In this article, the writer has shed light on the impact of educational ethnography and its impact on enhancing the effectiveness of learning environment. The writer has also explained the term educational ethnography by stating that according to this term the research that is organized by the researchers should have original

The Underlying Methods Of Paramilitary Operations Used By...

This historical study will define the underlying methods of paramilitary operations used by white Redeemers through the political platform of the Bourbon Democrats in the reconstitution of white rule in the South. Paramilitary groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan and the Red Shirts of Mississippi, define the terrorist methods of removing carpetbaggers and freedmen from positions of political power. The dissolution of Reconstructionist methods of federal dominance over the South was eroded with the removal of Federalist troops and Republicans from Southern state, which were â€Å"redeemed† by racially divisive Redeemers. These violent/terrorist methods were part of the gradual increase in power by Redeemers throughout the 1870s, 1880s, and into the 1890s. Secretive attacks on freedmen, carpetbaggers, and other Republicans were an effective way in which to discourage the Reconstruction reforms through the federal government. In essence, the violent methods of paramilitary operations by white Redeemers were the primary method of reconstituting Democratic power in the South in the post-Civil War era. During the reconstruction era, the use of paramilitary operations by white Redeemers was an important tool in removing freedmen, carpetbaggers, and members of the Republican Party that held positions of power in local government. These white racist organizations were part of the terrorist activities using violence and intimidation to discourage northerners and black freedmen from

Applied Economics Issues

Question: Show evidence of understanding issues of definition and measurement when investigating unemployment. Demonstrate the ability to compare and contrast different theories of unemployment and critically analyse their attendant assumptions. Assess the relevance of these theories in understanding UK unemployment. Support the analysis with the appropriate time series data and other relevant statistics. Demonstrate reflective use of relevant literature and correct citation. Answer: NAIRU and the changes in the UK labour market since 2008 Non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) is the level of unemployment below which the rate of inflation rate rises. Milton Friedman proposed the concept of natural rate of unemployment. In order to prevent the increase in the inflation rate above a given target level, the monetary policy is generally implemented by the government under the assumption of NAIRU so that the minimum unemployment in the economy is allowed. The natural rate hypothesis was presented by Friedman deals with the structure of the labour market. The idea behind the hypothesis is that in labour market it is natural to have some amount of frictional unemployment and the classical unemployment. The frictional unemployment is the situation in which the workers are changing jobs and for a minimum period of time they are considered to be unemployed (Smith, 2011). The classical unemployment arises when the real wages are fixed above the market clearing level of minimum wage laws, trade unions or due to o ther issue with the different labour institutions. The natural rate hypothesis faced a lot of controversies regarding the fact that the natural rate of unemployment varies in many ways that can eventually cause repercussion in the labour market. The theory of the NAIRU states if the natural rate of unemployment is less than the actual rate of unemployment then the inflationary pressure will rise and vice versa. The labour market of the UK has been distorted for the past few months. It has been evident from the statistics that the Britain will not be able to achieve the full employment level and there will be huge creation of jobs. The population is increasing and so there is a rise in the number of workers and thereby the unemployment level will fall. Most of the economists are skeptical about this view. It had been a talked about topic about the agreement on the issue that the full employment concept is slimy in the 21st Century. Financial Times conducted a survey where 58% of the economists were of the view that the full employment level would not be attained n 2015 but they were quite optimistic about the creation of jobs in spite of the figure that states that the unemployment rate is just 0.2 percentage points from the estimated value in the 2005 which was about 73.2 per cent (Stam and Long, 2010). In this scenario a specialized labour market consultant, John Philpott expected that there will be a decline of the unemployment rate from 6 per cent to 5.2 per cent. There would be taciturn wage pressures that would decrease the joblessness rate to fall below the 5 per cent before the government is risked at the 2 per cent inflation target. Here comes the theory of NAIRU but it is still unclear. There are several instances like the flexibility in the labour market, the cumulative impact of the welfare reforms, inadequacies in pension and the financial pressures which caused contraction n the wage along with the high debt of the households have boosted the supply of labour but if these trends continue then there is a chance that the Bank might need to revise the assessment of NAIRU to be low (Batini, 2005). A section of the economists were of the view that the underemployment will be eliminated before there is pressure on the wages. The rest of the respondents which is about 42% of the economists had clearly opinionated in the survey that the signs of increasing wages will pave the path of attaining the level of full employment and would hit the milestone in the year 2015 in the UK. It has been debated several times on the definition of full employment but in vain. George Osborne had undertaken the objective to define the concept of full employment as the economic aim. The unemployment rate was estimated to be at 7.4 per cent in October 2013 and in October 2014 the rate was 6 per cent. If this slow rate of decline of the unemployment rate grows there are chances that the unemployment rate might reach the level of 5 per cent in the end of the year 2015. In the year 2005 the unemployment rate fell to 4.75 per cent which was below the NAIRU which was about 5per cent. This would enable the economy to reach the level of full employment by the next year. But there remains some gap between the theory and practice where the unemployment rate might be below 5 per cent but about 1.65 million people will still remain unemployed (BBC News, 2015). Recent data reveals that the current rate of unemployment in the UK fell to the lowest level since 2008 which is about 5.6 per cent. According to the labour market figures the earnings growth has slowed down. About more than 31 million of the people in the UK are still unemployed. The labour market recovery in the UK can be attributed to the part-time jobs and self employment but the data of the Office for National Statistics showed that there will be substantial jobs creation of full time type and this will improve the job security issues in the UK. For the usual estimation the unemployment rate is around and about the NAIRU of the British economy. The question here arises on the degree of low level of unemployment without the taking off of the inflation rate. One of the characteristic of inflation is driving up the real wages of the workers. When on one side the real wages are welcomed by the workers but the inflation rate is generally avoided by them. So it can be the case that th e unemployment rate could be around and about the NAIRU but not fall below it so that the real wage rises but the inflation rate must not change. The economists are of the view that the NAIRU cannot be directly observed but it can be estimated for the past. The determination of the NAIRU depends on the labour market, the flexible the market is, the lower is the NAIRU rate. Most of the economists are of the view that since the labour market is flexible, the NAIRU will be fall. The unemployment rate in the UK over the years is depicted in the chart below: (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015) The unemployment rate in the UK remained low and unchanged at 5.5 per cent for the three months in 2015 till April which is in accordance with the market expectation. Since the global financial crisis the employment rate has been rising and so as seen from the chart the unemployment rate has decreased over the years and also the wages posted high gains. There were around 31.05 million people who were working. As the employment rose, so did the wage including the bonuses increase 2.7 per cent (Melliss and Webb, 1997). The unemployment rate has declined which can be evident from the decline in the number of individuals who were claiming unemployment benefits. In the current policy debate of the UK, there still remains the unemployment gap in the UK labour market. this gap is defined as the difference between the actual unemployment rate and the structural unemployment in other words NAIRU. This difference was sometimes referred to as cyclical unemployment. The next chart describes the actual unemployment, the NAIRU, and the difference. (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015) The importance of the unemployment estimates the measure of the stability of the economy with the inflation rate which is neither increasing nor decreasing. It can be said that if the economy is at stable inflation condition at a target of 2% then the unemployment rate can reach the NAIRU (Inman, 2015). On the other hand, NAIRU measures the unemployment level derived from the supply side like the workers skills, the labour market mechanism, competition in the market etc. and all other things which change in a relatively slow rate. The unemployment gap can be narrowed only when the government will implement macroeconomic policy. The fall in the unemployment rate has raised the wage rate which means that the economy of UK which is consumer led will eventually recover. The value of pound increased against the dollar. Economic analysts are of the view that the rise in the wages would cause the interest rate to increase. This would be implemented by the Bank of England. The governor of Ba nk of England, Mark Carney declined the growth in the UK and ordered to keep the productivity this is because the main impetus to the high wages is productivity (Knoema, 2015). Another theory of the unemployment is depicted by the concept of Phillips Curve. It was presented by William Phillips by analyzing the economic conditions in the UK between the 1861-1957 (Rusticelli, 2015). He stated the results of his analysis in the form of a relationship between the high inflation rate and low unemployment. In the 1960s, when the inflation rate doubled, the unemployment fell to record low levels. The unemployment rate is as low as 5.6% and there is a provision for the rate to reach the NAIRU (Hughes et al., 2015). The prolonged and dragged unemployment rate which is low would create a wage-price spiral. This can be explained in the following way (Yglesias, 2014). As there are scarce workers, the companies would demand more of the workers and create a situation of excess demand for labours. This situation of excess demand for labours would drive the price of the labours which is the wage to rise. Thus, the companies who are planning to start business would imply th at they have to pay more in order to recruit more. The higher pay indicates that there will be an overall rise in the price of the goods and services. The wage spiral starts now when the rise in the prices enables the workers to demand for higher wages again and then the companies again give in the higher wages to attract more workers as they are scarce. Then comes a situation which causes the inflation to go out of control. Thus, the labours are higher more and more at higher wages which causes the unemployment rate to fall and thereby it can be detected that the inflation rate has risen substantially (Claar, 2006). This is explains the concept of Phillips curve. The wage-price spiral is not desirable within the economy but there are certain reasons behind the occurrence of the spiral within the economy. The first reason is the fluctuations in the NAIRU due to demographic factors, technological advancements and greater openness to trade. Another problem is in the interpretation of NAIRU in which the predictions of the rate is incorrect. The inflation rate in the UK is quite Low: (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015) Thus, the basic Phillips theory is not appropriate in the recent findings of the UK economy. With low inflation rate, the unemployment rate must be higher but there is a trade off in the theory. Also attaining NAIRU is difficult as the inflation rate is low and somewhat stabilized in the UK. The unemployment rate can reach the NAIRU when there is scarce worker and excess demand for labours which has the potentiality to increase the wage (Shaw, 2011). With the rise in the wages of the labours, the cost of the companies will be increased and this will eventually raise the price of the goods and services to cover up the increased cost. Thus, inflation rate will rise but this is not the case of the UK, the inflation rate is quite low in spite of the low level of unemployment rate. Thus, with low inflation rate, the wages will not increase tremendously and thus, the workers will be higher more at low wage. This implies that if the inflation rate is low then the unemployment rate will be h igh according to the theory of Phillips curve but in this case the unemployment rate in the UK is 5.6 per cent which is near to 5 per cent of NAIRU and the theory is not in compliance with the current situation of the UK economy (Worstall, 2015). Thus, it can be said that either the theory of NAIRU is irrelevant in the UK economy or in the long run there is a chance of increasing unemployment rate so that the economy would not reach the NAIRU (Cross and Lang, 2011). References Batini, N. (2005). Measuring the UK short-run NAIRU. Oxford Economic Papers, 58(1), pp.28-49. BBC News, (2015). UK unemployment falls to seven-year low - BBC News. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-32719779 [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015]. Claar, V. (2006). Is the NAIRU more useful in forecasting inflation than the natural rate of unemployment?. Applied Economics, 38(18), pp.2179-2189. Cross, R. and Lang, D. (2011). The NAIRU: Still Not An Interesting Rate of Unemployment. EJEEP, 8(2), pp.317-340. Hughes, A., McMunn, A., Bartley, M. and Kumari, M. (2015). Elevated inflammatory biomarkers during unemployment: modification by age and country in the UK. Journal of Epidemiology Community Health, 69(7), pp.673-679. Inman, P. (2015). 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